nail-making machine

1) Металлургия: гвоздильный станок

2) Автоматика: гвоздильная машина

<mach.tools> ■ Drahtstiftmaschine f

gwoździarka maszyna do robienia gwoźdźi

• машина за изработване на пирони

- overhead way machine

1) машина; механизм; станок; агрегат

2) машинка; устройство; аппарат

3) машинный; станочный

4) обрабатывать механически; обрабатывать резанием

5) механизировать

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- abrasive cutting machine

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- binary machine

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- bobbin spinning machine

- bobbin-stripping machine

- body-length machine

- bolt-threading machine

- boning machine

- bookbinding machine

- boom sprinkling machine

- boom sprinkling machine

- boring machine

- bottle filling machine

- bottle filling machine

- bottle washing machine

- bottle washing machine

- braiding machine

- brazing machine

- breading machine

- broaching machine

- bronzing machine

- brush sifting machine

- brush sifting machine

- brushing machine

- bucket milking machine

- bulb-blowing machine

- bundling machine

- burnrishing machine

- button machine

- button-hole machine

- calculating machine

- can packing machine

- candy deposing machine

- capping machine

- carbonizing machine

- card-binding machine

- cardboard machine

- card-cutting machine

- carding machine

- card-mounting machine

- carton erecting machine

- case-making machine

- casing machine

- casing-in machine

- cask racking machine

- casting machine

- centering machine

- centrifugal spinning machine

- chain-stich machine

- chance machine

- character recognition machine

- charging machine

- charing machine

- cheese-winding machine

- chill casting machine

- chopping machine

- cigar rolling machine

- circular-milling machine

- circulating dyeing machine

- cleaning machine

- closing machine

- cloth brushing machine

- cloth-cutting machine

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- cloth-slitting machine

- cocoon beating machine

- cocoon-riddling machine

- coil banding machine

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- connected machine

- continuous casting machine

- continuous machine

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- coordinate-measuring machine

- cop-winding machine

- core depositing machine

- core-making machine

- corner-cutting machine

- cotton printing machine

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- covering machine

- crane and pipe-stringing machine

- cream beating machine

- creaming machine

- curtain coating machine

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- cut-wrap machine

- cybernetic machine

- cylinder shearing machine

- deairing machine

- delinting machine

- depositing machine

- desizing machine

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- die-cutting machine

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- die-making machine

- direct-driven machine

- discharging machine

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- doubling machine

- dough depositing machine

- dovetailing machine

- drain-installing machine

- drawing frame machine

- duplicating machine

- Dwight-Lloyd machine

- dyeing machine

- earth-moving machine

- edge planing machine

- electrical-discharge machine

- electrographic machine

- electrospark discharge machine

- embossing machine

- embroidery machine

- emery scouring machine

- emulsifying machine

- end soldering machine

- engraving machine

- etching machine

- excavating milling machine

- expanding machine

- fabric-packaging machine

- fettling machine

- fibre-extracting machine

- filing machine

- fillet machine

- filleting machine

- filling-and-capping machine

- film overwrapping machine

- film-cleaning machine

- film-slitting machine

- finite-state machine

- fish cutting machine

- flanging machine

- flat knitting machine

- floatation machine

- floor ripping machine

- floor-polisher machine

- flour packing machine

- flying machine

- foiling machine

- folding machine

- freon refrigerating machine

- fur-cutting machine

- galvanizing machine

- gambling machine

- gang boring machine

- gauging machine

- gear-cutting machine

- gear-grinding machine

- gear-hobbing machine

- generalized machine

- geometry machine

- germ separating machine

- gig machine

- glazing machine

- grafting machine

- grain-cleaning machine

- grating machine

- gravity filling machine

- grid machine

- groove-cutting machine

- ground-effect machine

- group machine

- half-hose machine

- hammer drilling machine

- haymaking machine

- headbanding machine

- heading machine

- hemp-scutching machine

- heuristic machine

- hole drilling machine

- honing machine

- hot die-forging machine

- hulling machine

- humidifying machine

- hydraulic riveting machine

- ideal machine

- identity-reset machine

- impeller machine

- inference machine

- influence machine

- in-line transfer machine

- integrated machine

- intelligent machine

- irrigating machine

- jet machine

- jig dyeing machine

- jigging machine

- jointing machine

- juicing machine

- kitchen machine

- kneading machine

- knee-type milling machine

- knitting machine

- knotting machine

- knurling machine

- labeling machine

- ladder-type trenching machine

- lasting machine

- layered machine

- learning machine

- letter-setting machine

- letter-sorting machine

- levelling machine

- lime-slaking machine

- linear machine

- local machine

- logic machine

- logical machine

- loop-forming sinker web machine

- lopping machine

- lossless machine

- low-ground charing machine

- machine-building machine

- mathematical machine

- maze-solving machine

- meat emulsifying machine

- memory machine

- microfinishing machine

- milling machine

- minimal machine

- mining machine

- mixed-flow machine

- mold cleaning machine

- multidimensional machine

- multihead machine

- multipacking machine

- multiple-arc welding machine

- multiple-tape machine

- multi-purpose shearing machine

- nonerasing machine

- numbering machine

- nut-cutting machine

- oil roll machine

- one-sided machine

- opening and lap-forming machine

- oracle machine

- ore sintering machine

- oval knitting machine

- oxygen-cutting machine

- package-tying machine

- paddle dyeing machine

- paging machine

- paper-cutting machine

- paper-lapping machine

- parallel planing machine

- paying-out machine

- peeling machine

- pelt fleshing machine

- penny-matching machine

- percussion riveting machine

- permutation machine

- pipe welding machine

- pipe-bending machine

- pipe-cutting machine

- pipe-molding machine

- pipe-swabbing machine

- pipe-threading machine

- pipette rinsing machine

- pipe-welding machine

- piston filling machine

- pitching machine

- pitting machine

- plane machine

- planing machine

- planting machine

- plate bending machine

- plating machine

- plunger-type leveling machine

- positive-displacement machine

- pressure-dyeing machine

- probabilistic machine

- program-controlled machine

- pseudostochastic machine

- pulling machine

- pulling-over machine

- pulping machine

- pulsator dyeing machine

- pulverizing machine

- punching machine

- pure culture machine

- putting out machine

- quadric machine

- quick-freezing machine

- quotient machine

- rabbeting machine

- rail drilling machine

- rail-cambering machine

- ramming machine

- randomizing machine

- raschel machine

- rasping machine

- real machine

- redrawing machine

- reduced machine

- reed-making machine

- reel dying machine

- relieving machine

- resonant vibration machine

- ribbon lap machine

- rice-hulling machine

- riffling machine

- riveting machine

- road-building machine

- roasting machine

- rock-boring machine

- rock-cutting machine

- roll slitting machine

- roller-bending machine

- rolling-quench machine

- roof drilling machine

- rope-twisting machine

- rotary capping machine

- rotary cross-cutting machine

- rotary-swaging machine

- rotary-table milling machine

- rounding machine

- routing machine

- ruling machine

- sack beating machine

- sampling machine

- sandblast machine

- sand-throwing machine molding

- sawing machine

- scarfing machine

- scouring machine

- screw-cutting machine

- screw-type waashing machine

- scudding machine

- sealing-exhausting machine

- sealing-in machine

- seamless hosiery machine

- seed-treating machine

- self-describing machine

- self-improving machine

- self-reproducing machine

- semi-automatic casing-in machine

- semi-automatic machine

- semi-automatic milling machine

- semigroup machine

- sequential machine

- series machine

- shake-out machine

- shaving machine

- shearing machine

- sheet-fed machine

- sheet-forming machine

- sheeting machine

- sheet-straightening machine

- shock-and-vibration machine

- shock-free vibration machine

- shot-blasting machine

- shucking machine

- singeing machine

- single-impeller machine

- single-operator welding machine

- single-scutcher machine

- single-tape machine

- skidding machine

- skinning machine

- slicing machine

- sliming machine

- slotting machine

- slug-casting machine

- snow removal machine

- soap milling machine

- sounding machine

- spindle winding machine

- splint-chopping machine

- splint-levelling machine

- splitting machine

- spot-welding machine

- spray developing machine

- spreading machine

- spring testing machine

- sprinkling machine

- squeeze molding machine

- squeezing machine

- stable hole machine

- staking machine

- stamping machine

- statistical machine

- step-and-repeat machine

- step-by-step action machine

- stitching machine

- stoning machine

- storage-battery welding machine

- stretching machine

- striking-out machine

- strip-welding machine

- strongly connected machine

- stuffing machine

- switch machine

- syllogism machine

- syrup crystallizing machine

- tape sizing machine

- taping machine

- teaching machine

- tearing machine

- tensiel-testing machine

- test-grading machine

- thinking machine

- three-state machine

- through-put buffing machine

- tie spot machine

- tinning machine

- tire-bending machine

- tobacco humidifying machine

- tool-grinding machine

- tooth-quenching machine

- transfer machine

- tree planting machine

- trenching machine

- tube-cutting machine

- tunnelling loading machine

- Turing machine

- turret drilling machine

- two-decker machine

- two-state machine

- two-symbol machine

- typecasting machine

- type-casting machine

- typesetting machine

- ultrasonic welding machine

- unbundling machine

- unconditional probability machine

- unhairing machine

- universal machine

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- unpacking machine

- vacuum capping machine

- vacuum filling machine

- vacuum-forming machine

- vapor refrigerating machine

- varnishing machine

- vector machine

- vertical forging machine

- warp-knitting machine

- washing machine

- weakly definite machine

- weighing-and-filling machine

- weighing-and-packing machine

- welt-sewing machine

- wet-burring machine

- wheel-type trenching machine

- willowing machine

- winnowing machine

- wire-marking machine

- wire-nail machine

- wire-stiching box-making machine

- wire-typing machine

- wood-peeling machine

- wood-working machine

- wool-scouring machine

- worsted spinning machine

- wrapping machine

- wringing machine

- yarn sizing machine

1) машина; станок; двигатель; механизм

2) организационный аппарат

3) машинный

4) механически обрабатывать; обрабатывать на станке

•

- angle-bending machine

* * *

машина; станок; механизм; устройство; установка

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Paper and printing

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Perkins's occupation was that of a gold-and silversmith; while he does not seem to have followed this after 1800, however, it gave him the skills in working metals which he would continue to employ in his inventions. He had been working in America for four years before he patented his nail-making machine in 1796. At the time there was a great shortage of nails because only hand-forged ones were available. By 1800, other people had followed his example and produced automatic nail-making machines, but in 1811 Perkins' improved machines were introduced to England by J.C. Dyer. Eventually Perkins had twenty-one American patents for a range of inventions in his name.

In 1799 Perkins invented a system of engraving steel plates for printing banknotes, which became the foundation of modern siderographic work. It discouraged forging and was adopted by many banking houses, including the Federal Government when the Second United States Bank was inaugurated in 1816. This led Perkins to move to Philadelphia. In the intervening years, Perkins had improved his nail-making machine, invented a machine for graining morocco leather in 1809, a fire-engine in 1812, a letter-lock for bank vaults and improved methods of rolling out spoons in 1813, and improved armament and equipment for naval ships from 1812 to 1815.

It was in Philadelphia that Perkins became interested in the steam engine, when he met Oliver Evans, who had pioneered the use of high-pressure steam. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society and conducted experiments on the compressibility of water before a committee of that society. Perkins claimed to have liquified air during his experiments in 1822 and, if so, was the real discoverer of the liquification of gases. In 1819 he came to England to demonstrate his forgery-proof system of printing banknotes, but the Bank of England was the only one which did not adopt his system.

While in London, Perkins began to experiment with the highest steam pressures used up to that time and in 1822 took out his first of nineteen British patents. This was followed by another in 1823 for a 10 hp (7.5 kW) engine with only 2 in. (51 mm) bore, 12 in. (305 mm) stroke but a pressure of 500 psi (35 kg/cm²), for which he claimed exceptional economy. After 1826, Perkins abandoned his drum boiler for iron tubes and steam pressures of 1,500 psi (105 kg/cm²), but the materials would not withstand such pressures or temperatures for long. It was in that same year that he patented a form of uniflow cylinder that was later taken up by L.J. Todd. One of his engines ran for five days, continuously pumping water at St Katherine's docks, but Perkins could not raise more finance to continue his experiments.

In 1823 one his high-pressure hot-water systems was installed to heat the Duke of Wellington's house at Stratfield Saye and it acquired a considerable vogue, being used by Sir John Soane, among others. In 1834 Perkins patented a compression ice-making apparatus, but it did not succeed commercially because ice was imported more cheaply from Norway as ballast for sailing ships. Perkins was often dubbed "the American inventor" because his inquisitive personality allied to his inventive ingenuity enabled him to solve so many mechanical challenges.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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As a youth, Dyer constructed an unsinkable life-boat but did not immediately pursue his mechanical bent, for at 16 he entered the counting-house of a French refugee named Nancrède and succeeded to part of the business. He first went to England in 1801 and finally settled in 1811 when he married Ellen Jones (d. 1842) of Gower Street, London. Dyer was already linked with American inventors and brought to England Perkins's plan for steel engraving in 1809, shearing and nail-making machines in 1811, and also received plans and specifications for Fulton's steamboats. He seems to have acted as a sort of British patent agent for American inventors, and in 1811 took out a patent for carding engines and a card clothing machine. In 1813 there was a patent for spinning long-fibred substances such as hemp, flax or grasses, and in 1825 there was a further patent for card making machinery. Joshua Field, on his tour through Britain in 1821, saw a wire drawing machine and a leather splitting machine at Dyer's works as well as the card-making machines. At first Dyer lived in Camden Town, London, but he had a card clothing business in Birmingham. He moved to Manchester c.1816, where he developed an extensive engineering works under the name "Joseph C.Dyer, patent card manufacturers, 8 Stanley Street, Dale Street". In 1832 he founded another works at Gamaches, Somme, France, but this enterprise was closed in 1848 with heavy losses through the mismanagement of an agent. In 1825 Dyer improved on Danforth's roving frame and started to manufacture it. While it was still a comparatively crude machine when com-pared with later versions, it had the merit of turning out a large quantity of work and was very popular, realizing a large sum of money. He patented the machine that year and must have continued his interest in these machines as further patents followed in 1830 and 1835. In 1821 Dyer had been involved in the foundation of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) and he was linked with the construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He was not so successful with the ill-fated Bank of Manchester, of which he was a director and in which he lost £98,000. Dyer played an active role in the community and presented many papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He helped to establish the Royal Institution in London and the Mechanics Institution in Manchester. In 1830 he was a member of the delegation to Paris to take contributions from the town of Manchester for the relief of those wounded in the July revolution and to congratulate Louis-Philippe on his accession. He called for the reform of Parliament and helped to form the Anti-Corn Law League. He hated slavery and wrote several articles on the subject, both prior to and during the American Civil War.

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See also: Arnold, Aza

1 n

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